Tun bayan da WHO ta ayyana COVID-19 a hukumance a matsayin "annoba" na duniya a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2020, kasashe a duniya baki daya sun dauki maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta a matsayin layin farko na kariya don hana yaduwar cutar. Cibiyoyin bincike na kimiyya da yawa sun zama masu sha'awar ultraviolet (UV) fitilu masu lalata lalata: wannan fasahar lalata tana buƙatar ƙaramin aikin hannu, baya haɓaka juriya na kwayan cuta, kuma ana iya aiwatar da shi ba tare da mutane ba. Gudanar da hankali da amfani sun dace musamman don rufaffiyar wuraren jama'a tare da yawan jama'a, tsawon lokacin zama da kuma inda ake iya kamuwa da cutar. Ya zama babban jigon rigakafin cutar, haifuwa da kuma kashe kwayoyin cuta. Don yin magana game da asalin haifuwar ultraviolet da fitilun disinfection, dole ne mu fara sannu a hankali tare da gano hasken "ultraviolet".
Hasken ultraviolet haske ne tare da mitar 750THz zuwa 30PHz a cikin hasken rana, daidai da tsayin daka na 400nm zuwa 10nm a sarari. Hasken ultraviolet yana da mita mafi girma fiye da hasken da ake iya gani kuma ba za a iya gani da ido tsirara ba. Tun da daɗewa, mutane ba su san akwai ba.
Ritter (Johann Wilhelm Ritter(1776-1810)
Bayan masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Burtaniya Herschel ya gano haskoki masu zafi da ba a iya gani, haskoki na infrared, a cikin 1800, tare da bin ka'idar kimiyyar lissafi cewa "abubuwa suna da ma'auni guda biyu", masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma masanin kimiya na Jamus Johann Wilhelm Ritter, (1776-1810), wanda aka gano a 1801. cewa akwai haske marar ganuwa fiye da ƙarshen violet na bakan da ake iya gani. Ya gano cewa wani sashe a wajen ƙarshen violet na bakan hasken rana zai iya wayar da kan fina-finan hoto masu ɗauke da bromide na azurfa, don haka gano wanzuwar hasken ultraviolet. Saboda haka, Ritter kuma an san shi da mahaifin hasken ultraviolet.
Za a iya raba haskoki na ultraviolet zuwa UVA (tsawon tsayin 400nm zuwa 320nm, ƙananan mitar da tsayi mai tsayi), UVB (tsayin tsayin 320nm zuwa 280nm, mitar matsakaici da matsakaici), UVC (tsayin 280nm zuwa 100nm, babban mitar da gajeriyar igiyar ruwa), EUV 100nm zuwa 10nm, ultra high mita) 4 irin.
A cikin 1877, Downs da Blunt sun ba da rahoto a karon farko cewa hasken rana na iya kashe ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na al'ada, wanda kuma ya buɗe kofa ga bincike da aikace-aikacen haifuwa na ultraviolet da lalata. A cikin 1878, mutane sun gano cewa haskoki na ultraviolet a cikin hasken rana suna da tasirin bakarawa da lalata. A cikin 1901 da 1906, mutane sun ƙirƙira mercury arc, tushen hasken ultraviolet na wucin gadi, da fitilun quartz tare da mafi kyawun watsa hasken ultraviolet.
A cikin 1960, an fara tabbatar da hanyar hana haifuwa ta ultraviolet da lalata. A gefe guda kuma, lokacin da hasken ultraviolet ya haskaka ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) a cikin tantanin halitta yana ɗaukar makamashin ultraviolet photon, kuma zoben cyclobutyl ya samar da dimer tsakanin ƙungiyoyin thymine guda biyu da ke kusa da su a cikin sarkar DNA guda ɗaya. (thymin dimer). Bayan an samar da dimer, tsarin halittar helix biyu na DNA ya shafi, haɗin RNA primers zai tsaya a dimer, kuma aikin kwafi da kwafi na DNA yana da cikas. A gefe guda kuma, ana iya haifar da radicals kyauta a ƙarƙashin iska mai iska mai ultraviolet, haifar da photoionization, ta yadda za a hana ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta daga maimaitawa da haifuwa. Kwayoyin sun fi dacewa da ultraviolet photons a cikin igiyoyin tsawon tsayin da ke kusa da 220nm da 260nm, kuma suna iya ɗaukar makamashin photon yadda ya kamata a cikin waɗannan nau'o'in biyu, ta yadda za su hana DNA kwafi. Yawancin radiation ultraviolet tare da tsawon tsayin 200nm ko ya fi guntu suna shiga cikin iska, don haka yana da wuya a yada a cikin nisa mai nisa. Saboda haka, babban ultraviolet radiation wavelength don haifuwa an mayar da hankali tsakanin 200nm da 300nm. Duk da haka, hasken ultraviolet da ke sha a ƙasa da 200nm zai lalata kwayoyin oxygen a cikin iska kuma ya samar da ozone, wanda kuma zai taka rawa wajen hana haihuwa da kuma lalata.
Tsarin luminescence ta hanyar fitar da kuzari mai daɗi na mercury tururi an san shi tun farkon ƙarni na 19: tururi yana rufe a cikin bututun gilashi, kuma ana amfani da wutar lantarki zuwa na'urorin ƙarfe guda biyu a ƙarshen bututun, don haka haifar da "Arc of Light", yana sa tururi ya haskaka. Tunda watsar da gilashi zuwa ultraviolet ya yi ƙasa sosai a wancan lokacin, ba a sami tushen hasken ultraviolet na wucin gadi ba.
A cikin 1904, Dokta Richard Küch na Heraeus a Jamus ya yi amfani da gilashin quartz maras kumfa, don ƙirƙirar fitilar ultraviolet mercury na farko, Original Hanau® Höhensonne. Don haka ana ɗaukar Küch a matsayin wanda ya ƙirƙiri fitilar mercury ultraviolet kuma majagaba a cikin amfani da hanyoyin hasken wucin gadi don haskaka hasken ɗan adam a cikin ilimin hasken likita.
Tun lokacin da fitilar ultraviolet mercury ta farko ta bayyana a cikin 1904, mutane sun fara nazarin aikace-aikacen sa a fannin haifuwa. A cikin 1907, ingantattun fitilun quartz ultraviolet sun kasance kasuwa a ko'ina a matsayin tushen hasken magani. A cikin 1910, a Marseilles, Faransa, an fara amfani da tsarin lalata ultraviolet wajen samar da aikin samar da ruwan sha na birane, tare da karfin jiyya na yau da kullun na 200 m3 / d. Kusan 1920, mutane sun fara nazarin ultraviolet a fagen kawar da iska. A shekara ta 1936, mutane sun fara amfani da fasahar haifuwa ta ultraviolet a dakunan tiyata na asibiti. A cikin 1937, an fara amfani da na'urorin haifuwa na ultraviolet a makarantu don sarrafa yaduwar cutar rubella.
A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, mutane sun fara amfani da fasahar lalata ultraviolet a cikin maganin najasa na birni. Daga 1965 zuwa 1969, Hukumar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Ontario a Kanada ta gudanar da bincike da kimantawa game da aikace-aikacen fasahar lalata ultraviolet a cikin kula da najasa na birane da tasirinsa kan karɓar gawar ruwa. A cikin 1975, Norway ta gabatar da rigakafin ultraviolet, ta maye gurbin maganin chlorine tare da samfurori. An gudanar da babban adadin karatun farko a kan aikace-aikacen maganin ultraviolet a cikin maganin najasa na birni.
Wannan ya samo asali ne saboda gaskiyar cewa masana kimiyya a lokacin sun fahimci cewa ragowar chlorine a cikin tsarin kawar da chlorination da aka yi amfani da shi ya kasance mai guba ga kifi da sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa mai karɓa. , kuma an gano kuma an tabbatar da cewa hanyoyin kawar da sinadarai irin su chlorine disinfection na iya haifar da cututtukan carcinogenic da lalata kwayoyin halitta irin su trihalomethanes (THMs). Wadannan binciken sun sa mutane su nemi ingantacciyar hanyar kawar da cututtuka. A cikin 1982, wani kamfani na Kanada ya ƙirƙira na'urar kawar da cutar ta ultraviolet ta farko a duniya.
A cikin 1998, Bolton ya tabbatar da tasirin hasken ultraviolet wajen lalata protozoa, don haka inganta aikace-aikacen fasahar lalata ultraviolet a wasu manyan jiyya na samar da ruwa na birni. Alal misali, tsakanin 1998 da 1999, an gyara shuke-shuken ruwa na Vanhakaupunki da Pitkäkoski a Helsinki, Finland, bi da bi, kuma an ƙara tsarin lalata ultraviolet, tare da jimlar jiyya na kusan 12,000 m3 / h; EL a Edmonton, Kanada Smith Water Supply Plant kuma ya shigar da wuraren lalata ultraviolet a kusa da 2002, tare da ƙarfin jiyya na yau da kullun na 15,000 m3/h.
A ranar 25 ga Yuli, 2023, kasar Sin ta fitar da ma'aunin kasa na "Ultraviolet germicidal lamp standard lamba GB 19258-2003". Daidaitaccen sunan Ingilishi shine: fitilar germicidal ultraviolet. A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 2012, kasar Sin ta fitar da ma'auni na kasa "Cold cathode ultraviolet germicidal fitilu ma'aunin GB/T 28795-2012". Daidaitaccen sunan Ingilishi shine: Cold cathode ultraviolet germicidal fitilu. A ranar 29 ga watan Disamba, 2022, kasar Sin ta ba da sanarwar "Ƙimar Ƙirar Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙimar Ƙirar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙirar Gas don Hasken Gabaɗaya: GB 17896-2022" daidaitattun kasa, daidaitaccen sunan Ingilishi: Mahimman ƙimar da aka yarda da ingancin makamashi da makamashi. Za a aiwatar da ingantattun maki na ballasts don fitulun fitar da iskar gas don hasken gabaɗaya a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2024.
A halin yanzu, fasahar haifuwa ta ultraviolet ta haɓaka cikin aminci, abin dogaro, inganci da fasaha na lalata muhalli. Fasahar haifuwa ta ultraviolet a hankali tana maye gurbin hanyoyin kawar da sinadarai na gargajiya kuma ta zama babbar fasahar lalata bushewa. An yi amfani da shi sosai a fagage daban-daban a gida da waje, kamar maganin iskar gas, maganin ruwa, bakar fata, bakar iska, da dai sauransu.
Lokacin aikawa: Dec-08-2023